Shirin Neshat's Photography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Shirin Neshat's Photography - Essay Example However ladies in the Muslim people group are prevented from securing the equivalent rights in different parts of individual and public activity, remembering for the mosque and in other open spots. Among the not many Muslim specialists who depict the status of Muslim ladies, Shirin Neshat through her works can be considered to assume a significant job since the majority of her creation plainly portrays the strict powers that shape the character of Muslim ladies all through the world. The status of the ladies in the Islamic people group is under expanding examination (in the constructive bearing) today by both the dynamic Muslims and the non-Muslim social orders. At such purpose of time, Shirin Neshat’s portrayal of the Islamic ladies, their aggregate quality and the steadiness concerning the sexism and dictatorship has an impressive effect, and it likewise synchronizes with the perspectives on the numerous areas of individuals in regards to the strengthening and upliftment of the Muslim ladies. â€Å"For Neshat presents an image all the more precisely illustrative of Iranian and Islamic assorted variety and dispute against state and strict despotism.† (Denson 2010). She was notable to the world through her Women of Allah manifestations which she delivered between the years 1994-1998. The photos of Muslim ladies in her Women of Allah arrangement were a lot of proactive, secretive and politically famous not at all like the customary Muslim ladies. The pictures were shot so that a portion of the Muslim ladies were in chadors holding firearms, some others covering their skin with the Persian content, and so forth. These photos primarily delineated the steadiness and the assurance of the Iranian Muslim ladies who stood up to the Sharia’s law, basically with respect to the Hijab and furthermore as a device against the isolation of ladies from men in the mosques and other open spots. In this manner the general point of view that can be comprehende d from her Women of Allah arrangement would that the Muslim ladies were made to wear the cover or the Chadors just to be segregated from men in the mosques and in other open spots. â€Å"Most significantly, she doesn't, in any case, apply any ethical position to hijab. She permits the watchers to arrive at their own decisions and, thusly, she shows the developed idea of character so frequently used by different media and politicians.† (Machowski). In this way she adds her work by uncovering the idea that the conventional Muslim individuals think about the Hijab as the assurance to the Muslim ladies from the outside world, not at all like in the advanced pattern where it is seen as medieval and serious. . In her photos, Neshat examinations the various sides of the ladies in the Muslim people group and joins them in her works. Additionally it is clear from her photos, she opposed the cliché portrayal of Muslim ladies in the Islam people group. She demanded the significance of ladies in a Muslim people group in her work of art named A Mother, in which she depicted the picture of mother with a child where she uncovered the idea of lady being the mother of whole country. From the above examination, obviously she depicts the way that each Muslim lady is a vital piece of the whole Islam people group where they should be perceived in lawful, political and social viewpoints. In this manner Shirin Neshat accepted that without the viable result and effective

Essay on the Language of A Clockwork Orange -- Clockwork Orange Essays

The Language of A Clockwork Orangeâ â  â€Å"Gooly into a reality where by nochy prestoopniks rule and oobivat and by day everything is well.† This is the idea of A Clockwork Orange, a novel by Anthony Burgess, where one enters the universe of a fifteen-year-old named Alex who communicates in a vernacular language and does what he enjoys. This molody nadsat, or youthful high schooler, drives an actual existence where wrongdoing is genuine horrorshow as he avoids millicents, or police officers, so as to carry on with a real existence he needs in the merzky, grazzy city where he dwells. Alex and his shaika oobivat an excessive number of lewdies, however, and the millicents loveted him. He at that point turns into a plenny in the StaJa, away from his moloko, snoutie or dearest old style music. As a plenny, he experiences tests by viddying sinnies, making him horn in torment at the messel of krovvy or guttiwuts. After the tests, Alex comes back to the lanes as a genuine horrorshow new malchick, incapable to horse or go ad wrongdoing. In the end, he meets a ded whose zheena he oobivated previously, and is fooled into nearly finishing his jeezny by thinking about the sinnies and being compelled to gooly out of an okno and falling numerous raskazzes. Alex lives, however, and comes back to a jeezny of wrongdoing and keeps the city spoogy of him. The past section gives a model what a very remarkable Clockwork Orange’s language resembles all through the movement of the novel and is mostly the motivation behind why it has grown such a clique following since its discharge in 1963. What Burgess has done is accepted English as a base language, and using slang from English, Russian, Arabic and Gypsy, shaped a language all its own which really figures out how to precisely portray both the mentality of Alex yet in addition the severity of the world where he lives. A portion of his wo... ...limitations in the types of laws or minor guidelines. So too does Alex express this intrigue. In spite of the fact that among today’s youth rarely to revolt or setting out on a crime binge, Alex feels this is his method of carrying on with a joyful life. Be that as it may, because of his freedom being â€Å"denied,† he endeavors to vent his displeasure by ending it all. Once more, today’s teenagers don't by and large veer towards those boundaries. The equal response in today’s youth to Alex’s response would be the over the top utilization of allusion, free utilization of the vernacular, extravagance in joy of all sorts, and the display of fake brutality to lighten anxiety. It is fascinating that there is such a stunning similitude between our reality and that of the novel in light of the fact that the novel was written in 1963, at which time there were positively numerous contrasts between teens’ sees at that point and those of today.

Early Theaters essays

Early Theaters articles Around the turn of the twentieth century, America was a general public encountering enormous changes, dissimilar to any that had been experienced previously, and it was a direct result of these progressions that the introduction of film was conceivable. Without specific conditions present it is improbable that performance centers would have developed in fame so rapidly or had as incredible an effect on the every day lives of such a large number of individuals. The ascent of large business changed life in America always, bringing forth a gigantic move in populace from rustic living, cultivating work to urban life focused on manufacturing plant work, just as setting off a monstrous new migration, expanding Americas effectively differing urban communities with an ever increasing number of remote conceived residents. It was a result of these progressions that the film had the option to turn into a well known fascination, drawing huge groups reliably and contending straightforwardly with existing types of amusement, for example, artful dance, live theater and vaudeville. The ascent of huge business caused a change in work from fundamentally ranch type work to new industrial facility employments. This brought about enormous masses congregating in urban communities, originating from rustic America just as outsiders originating from numerous different nations looking for a superior life. These laborers had recently distinguished themselves with the kind of work they did, yet the new manufacturing plant work was not seen as much as an identifier, yet rather a necessary chore, basically what one did to gather a check. The other significant change this achieved was another idea for the laborers called spare time. This was time the specialist was not expected to work, but instead time that could be spent anyway one picked. Numerous individuals utilized this opportunity to get away from their regular presence with some type of amusement. The expressive dance, live theater and vaudeville were regular outlets, however industrial laborers didn't consider these to be as effectively available. Something new was in transit that would change diversion everlastingly: the film theater. ... <!

The Impact of Globalization of on the Growth - 825 Words

The Impact of Globalization of on the Growth of The Chinese Ecomony (Dissertat. Methodology Sample) Content: RESEARCH METHODS GROUP PROJECT RESEARCH: THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE GROWTH OF THE CHINESE ECONOMY MethodologyIntroductionThis section provides the experiential approach to the research study where the research design, population, sample, research instruments, and data analysis techniques to be employed are explored. The ultimate aim of this chapter is to provide the blueprint of the entire research process where data collection techniques to be adopted in this study are presented. Research DesignThe research design defines the blueprint of the entire study where research paradigms adopted are explored (Saunders et al 2009). Particularly, the research design establishes the research philosophy, approach, strategy, time horizons and data collection techniques employed (as shown in the following figure). The Research Onion
Source: Saunders et al (2009, p. 108). The Research PhilosophyAccording to Creswell (2008), research philosophy can be demonstrated in terms of epistemology or ontology. Epistemology comprises of acceptable knowledge in a particular field of knowledge where interpretivism and positivism philosophical paradigms are pertinent, whereas ontology is based on nature related knowledge (Marczyk 2005). Based on the nature of the research topic, positivism philosophy will be adopted. With positivism philosophical paradigm focusing on the establishment of how we know something, it is considered to be the most suitable for this study. Research ApproachA research study is approached either deductively or inductively. Inductive research approach involves the establishment of general premises based on the specific findings on the research phenomena, whereas deductive research approach involves drawing of conclusions based on the general findings using logical premises (Marczyk 2005; Saunders et al 2007). Since this study focuses on the impact of globalization on the Chinese economy, deductive research approach is considered to be mos t effective for this research. Research Strategy Research strategies include case studies, surveys, experiments, archival researches, grounded theory and action researches (Saunders et al 2009). This study will adopt survey strategy to mobilize primary data. Since surveys are simple and easy to administer, time saving will be realized when the research uses survey strategy in this strategy. Time HorizonsTime horizons define the aspect of the research literature incorporated in any research study. There are two major time horizons which includes cross-sectional and longitudinal time horizons. Cross-sectional time horizon involves study literatures that are bound within a particular limited time frame, while longitudinal time horizon are not limited to certain time frame and data collection is done over a long period (Bryman Bell 2007). Since this study is time-limited, cross-sectional time horizon will be adopted in the data collection. Target Population and Sampling ProceduresThe t arget population for this study will comprise of all trade partners of China. As such, the population covered will include investors from various parts of the world who conduct business in China through either foreign direct investment or exporting/importing. In selecting the participants, this study will employ stratified random sampling where the business partners to China will be categorized on their nature of their business and length of period of their operations in the country. This strategy is considered to be the most effective for this study as does not involve any form of bias, and hence the data will be of high reliability (Lohr 2009).Since to perform stratified random sampling sample frame is required, this researchs sampling frame will constitute all countries trading with China. Additionally, the study will make use of strata/cluster sampling. This is because the population chosen is too large. For that reason, it is prudent to sub-divide this population in to cluster s. Subsequently, units within the strata/clusters will be randomly selected.Data Collection Researchers collect either Primary or secondary data. Nevertheless most research studies tend to employ both types of data; hence using a mixed method of data collection. Primary data is information that has not been documented (DeVaus 2001). Secondary data, on the other hand, is information that has been summarized and documented by other researchers. Since the research topic is too broad to be covered using single data collection method, both secondary and primary data will be employed in this study, thus mixed research method will be adopted.

Effects of Genetic Discrimination - 839 Words

The new advancements in genetics spark a new revolution in medicine. Genetic information not only can help us better understand the diseases that plague us, but can also prevent diseases that could potentially be harmful to us. However America’s history of discrimination has taken over this new revolution also. Despite our revolutionized and civilized culture, America still suffers the cruel grip of evil that lies behind many legal documents and contracts. Genetic Discrimination is when people are treated differently by their employer or insurance company because they have or are perceived to have a gene mutation that causes or increases the risk of an inherited disorder. Although insurance companies and many employers are looking out for their companies genetically discriminating against clients or employees promotes the public’s weariness about the revolutionized genetic tests and also discourages further medical research. Although science of genetics still has to be improved to able to accurately predict genetic conditions, the information it provides can be a good indicator of future illnesses. This helps psychologically prepare and â€Å"receive genetic counseling† (Amy) and prepare for any surgery that may be required to prevent the disease. This new invention has opened up amazing possibilities and should be used in order to better our health. The small group of people who aren’t afraid of the possible consequences believe that their â€Å"life is worth more than the cost ofShow MoreRelatedDoes Homosexuality Change the Brain or the Brain Results in Homosexuality?1039 Words   |  5 PagesTherefore, if homosexual orientAtion were completely genetic, one would expect that it would not change over the course of ones life. If it were proven that homosexuality is biologically based, discrimination against homosexuals would decrease. If homosexuality was proven to be a genetic characteristic, just like hair color, height, or eye color then people might be less afraid and more accepting to homosexuals. Gender-based discrimination is the perception that an individuals gender appearanceRead MoreGenetic Privacy And The Human Genome Project1480 Words   |  6 PagesWith bounding advances in the field of genetics, genetic privacy has sparked a controversy. In the 1980s, the Human Genome Project was formulated to sequence the entirety of the human genome. The first draft of this project was published in Nature in February, 2001, about 10 percent short of completion (National Institutes of Health [NIH], 2015). Originally, scientists had hypothesized that there was anywhere from 50,000 to 140,000 genes, but after the release of this first draft and the later completionRead MoreGenetic Testing : Is We Ready Yet? Essay1740 Words   |  7 Pages GENETIC TESTING- ARE WE READY YET? As exciting as it sounds, genetic testing can give a complete insight of what one’s genetic makeup beholds for his/her future. However this comes with a price that can potentially make or break the life thereafter. Highly accurate genetic testing is a huge step; however, such a success can be fruitful only if the after effects are efficiently managed. Accurate prediction of possible socio-economic and psychological effects and devising efficient management strategiesRead MoreWhat Is Human Genetic Engineering?1193 Words   |  5 PagesHuman genetic engineering is currently a hot topic of discussion in the scientific world. What is human genetic engineering? According to the National Human Genome Research Institute, â€Å"Genetic engineering is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism. Traditionally, humans have manipulated genomes indirectly by controlling breeding and selecting offspring with desired traits. Genetic en gineering involves the direct manipulation of one or moreRead MoreLifelong Health Benefits of Mandatory Genetic Screenings1497 Words   |  6 Pagesand introduction to the field of medicine more than a century ago, genetic screenings have become incorporated in many fields of healthcare, including reproductive health and cancer prevention. Genetic screening is a method of identifying genetic disorders through the study of an individual’s DNA. They can be used to determine predisposition for various disorders such as Alzheimer’s, breast cancer, and sickle cell anemia. Genetic screenings inform individuals about their state of health and can helpRead MoreWhy We Should Not Pursue Genetic Engineering1060 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion but that poison gas, genetic engineering, and nuclear weapons and power stations are terrifying. It may be that civilization is falling apart and the world we know is coming to an end.† This quote sums up my stance on genetic engineeri ng perfectly. Our society should not pursue genetic engineering in humans because of the risk, possibility for discrimination, and ethical problems associated with modifying human genes. The first reason why we should not pursue genetic engineering is that thereRead MoreEthics And The New Genetics1048 Words   |  5 PagesResponse Paper Dear Mr. Dalai Lama, In your excerpt, â€Å"Ethics and the New Genetics,† you presented the discovery of the advancement in genetic technology. You mentioned how scientist are able to change the genetic makeup of living things. Another key point presented in your article is the idea of cloning, where one is therapeutic while the other is reproductive. The article discussed that the advancement in technology and genetics should only be used to benefit people. However, you believed that usingRead MoreEssay On Brave New World And Gattaca953 Words   |  4 Pagesmovie Gattaca propose a technologically advanced society that challenges these ethical and moral views. Although Brave New World and Gattaca relate in the aspect of genetic discrimination, they differ in the limits and powers of technology and the effects of human spirit. Both Brave New World and Gattaca emphasize genetic discrimination as a major part of their societies. In Brave New World, a utopian society is created by the use of modernized technology and science to eliminate any chances of errorRead MoreThe Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act Of 2008 ( Gina )1430 Words   |  6 PagesTitle of the Law The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA) is an act of Congress that give individuals federal protection against genetic discrimination concerning insurance and employment; the federal law was enacted on the 21st of May 2008 (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, n.d.). GINA forbids group health organizations including health plans and insurers from denying insurance to a person or charging them a higher fee grounded on their genetic information that mayRead MoreDesigner Babies Essay1146 Words   |  5 Pagesgenetically enhanced people is â€Å"Designer Babies†. The Oxford dictionary defines it as â€Å"a baby whose genetic makeup has been artificially selected by genetic engineering combined with in vitro fertilization to ensure the presence or absence of particular genes or characteristics.†. Basically an embryo is created through In Vitro Fertilization and then genetics engineers alter the DNA of the embryo. Genetic engineering has been a round for hundreds of years. Farmers would only use the seeds of his best

1920s Fashion Essay - 1036 Words

1920s Fashion In the 1920s, fashion trends were the shorter low-waisted dresses and revealing styles worn by flappers. With their short-bobbed hairstyles and cloche hats, down to scarves and stocking with bold. The 1920s fashion strikes the design era for fashion by having change in the women’s fashion. The fashion changed and characterized the women in the 1920s, as they called it the roaring twenties the women started gaining their free rights and independence. Fashion for women had a positive impact in the 1920s and on the world today throughout the advancement in women’s rights. Though out the years fashion has changed in different variety of ways in the 1920s by giving women the ability to change the way they act and look. â€Å"1920s†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The term flapper first appeared in Great Britain after World War I.† (Rosenberg par 8). The flappers would wear knee length dresses with slits cuts into it so it was easier to move in, they wore lots of makeup and sparkles. The flappers only smoke and drink, but they also partied and dance a lot considering it was the jazz age as well. â€Å"The 1920s was the Jazz Age and one of the most popular past-times for flappers was dancing....† (Rosenberg par 24). Dancing was very popular and common for the flappers to be doing along with smoking and drinking. Women’s fashion was more of a revealing style of the 1920s from the effect of the jazz music and alcohol on society. The women of the 1920s weren’t the only ones who went through a fashion change, the men did also. After the war men’s fashion in the 1920s went through a positive transformation. The war changed the attitudes and the level of class, as the younger men switched forming wear the suits they adopted their own look. Men’s fashion in the 1920s was the start of men’s fashion, but only minor changes were changed in the menswear. â€Å". Suit colors were mostly neutral with patterns, but the accessories popped with vibrant colors– just like they did for women’s 1920s fashion† (1920s fashion for men par 1). The suits were the biggest trend for men’s fashion in the 1920s, all the men had them. For day evening, office, or parties, a man always wore a suit. What’s different from the 1920s men’s suits apart from otherShow MoreRelated Fashion in the 1920s Essay472 Words   |  2 PagesFashion in the 1920s The Roaring Twenties brought many fads and fashion rages. During the 1920s, Americans were given the honor of being called the best- dressed. Several things contributed to this honor: Affordable pricing, mass production clothing, the birth of the flapper girl, and rise of fashionable movie stars that Americans wanted to imitate. The style and cut of womens clothing during the 1920s changed drastically. Waistlines dropped dramatically while hemlines rose scandalouslyRead MoreThis essay, 1920s vs 1960s, writen in AABB format, deals with the comparison of; general statistics, fashion styles of both men women, music, controversial issues.1502 Words   |  7 Pages1920s vs. 1960s Over the past century, people living in the United States have experienced many changes. As the times change, so do the people. In the 1920s, people acted differently then compared to the people in the 1960s. Yet, they both have one thing in common; they shaped our history. In the 1920s, about 106,521,537 people inhabited the United States. It was a rough period in our history, with about 2,132,000 people unemployed and murder, swindles, and racketeering as the most popularRead MoreChinas Fast Entry into the Fashion World after the 20th Century1825 Words   |  7 PagesChina’s fast entry into Fashion World after the 20th Century The dawn of the 20th century brought in many challenges in China such as cultural, political, economic, and social. The social changes increased its push after the 1911 revolution which caused in the passing of the Qing Empire. Social improvement led to amendment in dress codes as well. The head shaving and queue (long plait) men had been compulsory to wear, to validate their subservience, gradually vanished. The practice of foot compulsoryRead MoreEssay on The Surrealist Movement in Arts Influence on Fashion1528 Words   |  7 PagesInfluence on Fashion Introduction This essay aims to analyse the key role that the surrealist movement has played on fashion and the fashion industry. Both from a historical point of view, as well as its continued impact on fashion today, as a source of inspiration for contemporary fashion designers. In this essay I will account for how the Surrealist movement in art has influenced the progress and growth of fashion worldwide and our sense of appearance. Furthermore, this essay will analyseRead MoreThe Roaring Twenties By F. Scott Fitzgerald860 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica seemed to have an unquenchable thirst for entertainment and art. So life during the 1920’s brought new forms of entertainment, new movements in the arts, and new attitudes and fashion for women. Movies quickly became a national pastime, radios became a primary news source, painters started capturing the realities and dreams of America, and music composers created a distinct type of music called jazz. The 1920’s also brought forward insightful works of writing making it one of the richest literaryRead MoreGender and Consumer Culture in France from the Late 1800’s Through the 1920’s1332 Words   |  6 Pagesculture has been many years coming. Many changes in this consumer culture cam e about in the time periods surrounding World War I. In this essay I will be tracing the change in women in the consumer culture in France in the late 1800’s to through the 1920’s, using the works of Mary Louise Roberts Samson and Delilah Revisited: The Politics of Woman’s Fashion in 1920’s France, and Judith G. Coffin’s Credit, Consumption, and Images of Women’s Desires: Selling the Sewing machine in late Nineteenth- CenturyRead MoreImmigrant Women And American Consumer Culture980 Words   |  4 Pagesaway from maternal authority. The second generation of immigrant women sought to assimilate into American society by changing their appearance to fit with American culture. This made the second-generation immigrant woman a consumer of the latest fashion trends that would help them blend in with the mainstream American society. The immigrants experienced immigration from overseas to America, yet another group, Southern blacks experienced migration from the South to the North during roughly the sameRead More Fine Art, Fashion and Design1276 Words   |  6 PagesMy essay is going to be a discussion on whether fine art, fashion and designers are linked with each other. On starting my essay I looked up the definition of Fine art, the term is used to distinguish the variation of creative art forms, developed by humans. Some of the many concepts which fall under this category are painting, drawing, calligraphy, sculpture etc. I agree that fine art uses lots of visually appealing methods which seem graceful, like calligraphy the work produced is quite delicateRead MoreHollywood Movies And Fashion Essay1405 Words   |  6 Pagesthe capacity to make not just a star of its leading women, but a fashion icon too. From Audrey Hepburn and Grace Kelly to Julia Roberts and Keira Knightley, via Mia Farrow and Catherine De neuve, some of Hollywood s most successful stars owe a lot to their on-screen style. Moreover, during the 21st century, movies have been a powerful media in which to influence people’s style.   Movies gave society a great way to see vintage fashion, including how to wear period accessories that accompany the clothingRead MoreHow The Silver Screen Affects Women s Fashion Trends?1495 Words   |  6 PagesHow the Silver Screen Affects Women’s Fashion Trends? Today/Throughout History? Silver screen has the capacity to make not just a star of its leading women, but a fashion icon too. From Audrey Hepburn and Grace Kelly to Julia Roberts and Keira Knightley, via Mia Farrow and Catherine Deneuve, some of Hollywood s most successful stars owe a lot to their on-screen style. Moreover, during the 21st century, movies have been a powerful media in which to influence people’s style.   Movies

Humanism Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Humanism Argumentative Essay 1HumanismThe Renaissance, which began in Italy in 1300s, was one of the largest periods of growth and development in Western Europe. The increase in trade caused an abundance in wealth that resulted in the focusing of the arts. Such things as literature, paintings, sculptures and many more works are known to have blossomed from the period known as the Renaissance. The Renaissance was started by many rich Italian cities, such as Florence, Ferrara, Milan, and Venice (Bram 274). Because these cities were very wealthy, many merchants started to spend money on different things, such as painting, learning, new banking techniques, and new systems of government. These things gave rise to a new type of scholar, the humanist, and a new philosophy, humanism. To understand the term humanism, one must first know what some assume humanism to be. Many definitions are widely proclaimed by different groups and organizations. The American Humanist Association(AHA) defines humanism as2arational philosophy informedbyscience, inspired by art, and motivated by compassion. Affirming the dignity of each human being, it supports the maximization of individual liberty and opportunity consonant with social and planetary responsibility. It advocates the extension of participatory democracy and the expansion of the open society, standing for human rights and social justice. Free of supernaturalism, it recognizes human beings as a part of nature and holds that valuesbe they religious, ethical, social, or politicalhave their source in human experience and culture. Humanism thus derives the goals of life from human need and interest rather than from theological or ideological abstractions, and asserts that humanity must take responsibilityfor itsown destiny. (Schafersman)Humanism is also defined as a democratic and ethical point of view on life that reiterates the fact that human beings have the right to and responsibility of giving meaning to and shaping ones own life, according to the International Humanist and Ethical Union (Schafersman). The Union also believes their philosophical view on humanism stands for the building of a 3more humane society through ethics based upon the reason and the inquisitive capabilities of the human nature. The Bristol Humanist Groups view on their ideology is much simpler. It states, Humanism is an approach to life based on reason and our common humanity, recognizing that moral values are properly founded on human nature and experience alone (Schafersman). This new word, humanist, and the principal practice became more prevalent during the late 15th-century in Italy and was used to describe a tutor or teacher of the humanities. The word humanities refers to those subjects which formed the curriculum in the educational program formulated by Florentines like Leonardo Bruni (Hays 9). These formulations were put into regular practice by Guarino da Verona and Vittorino da Feltre (Hays 9). The new form of education was set up for the purpose of educating the young adolescent males of the Renaissance for a productive and active life of service within the community. This goal was achieved by providing the young scholars with a solid stock of knowledge, along with a sturdy foundation of morality, along with the eloquent tongue and graceful hand of a well fluentstatesman (Hays 9). Some of the other works the young students were made to learn about were those of not just Plato, but also ofDionysius,Alexander,Plutarch,and Trajan. This new4educatio nal outlook put more emphasis on the attitude that was less God-centered, and more self or human-centered. The Latin language was one of the many antiquities that was acquired by these scholarly humanists.The works of the great thinkers of Greek and Roman decent were now upheld in high regard. The humanists of the day did, and still do, believe them to contain both the lessons one needed to lead a moral and effective life and the best models for a powerful Latin style (Billington). The humanist movement started in Italy, where the late medieval Italian writers Dante, Giovanni Boccaccio, and Francesco Petrarch greatly contributed to the finding and conservation of classical works (Danto). The study of this ancient grammatical rhetoric led in turn to the interest into the Roman literatures. Humanists were not necessarilysusceptibletoartisticexperience.Their admiration for antique art was often motivated by aesthetic interests

The American Delima Essays - A Raisin In The Sun, William Younger

The American Delima The Younger family is a sterling example of a typical black, urban, Northern United States family living in Southern Chicago subsequent to World War II. Their life is not an easy one, as they endure daily indignities and sufferings while trying to measure out their existence on a very uneven playing field. Indeed African Americans face many hardships; many of which are self-induced whilst others are imposed upon them by the dominant culture that exists. I. Pride is an expensive luxury that the Younger family seems to have an addiction to, however, it later serves as a character defining ?virtue? that allows the Younger family to escape their current state of depravity and move into a new and better situation. A. Walter Lee Younger has a great ?manly pride? that gets both him and his family in a great deal of trouble and creates huge turmoil within the Younger household. B Mrs. Younger holds on very tightly to her ?old fashioned? pride and this serves to hold the family together, however in Walter's case it back fires. C Benetha's intellectual pride has a positive effect on daily family life and proves to be very important in the family's future aspirations of economic and social development. D The varying degrees and forms of pride in the Younger family all serve as catalyst for steamy family discussions and heated debates, however, it is the family's cultural and ethnic pride that allows them to rise out of their depravity and destitution. II. Mrs. Younger's hope is the primary reason for the family's ascension out of its viscious cycle of depravity. .A Mrs. Younger's hope was so strong and consistent in its fashion that it spread to other members of the family, serving an important purpose in saving the family from an eternal suffrage in their small two bedroom apartment. III. The differences in the stages of personal development of the many people living in the Younger household were also a cause of conflict within that household. It was quite amazing that despite all of he hardships that the Youngers had to endure that the all triumphed over their adversity and all eventually self actualized to become greater than they were before. Social Issues

Case Study - Coke and Pepsi War Essays - Coca-Cola, Patent Medicines

Case Study - Coke and Pepsi War Essays - Coca-Cola, Patent Medicines Case Study - Coke and Pepsi War Case Study - Coke and Pepsi War History of Coca-Cola (Coke): Coca-Cola was formulated by John S.Pemberton, originally as a cocawine called Pembertons French Wine Coca, and originally sold as a patent medicine for five cents a glass at soda fountains, which were popular in America due to a contemporary view that soda water was good for your health. Coca-Cola is the trademarked name, registered in 1893, for a popular soft drink sold in stores, restaurants and vending machines around the world. History of Pepsi: Caleb Bradham, a New Bern, North Carolina pharmacist, renamed "Brad's Drink," a carbonated soft drink he had created to serve his drugstore's fountain customers. The new name, Pepsi-Cola, was first used on August 28, 13 years after Coca-Cola. In 1902 Bradham applied for a trademark to the U.S. Patent Office, issued stock and began selling Pepsi syrup. By 1923, Pepsi-Cola Company was declared bankrupt and its assets were sold to a North Carolina concern, Craven Holding Corporation, for $30,000. Roy C. Megargel, a Wall Street broker, bought the Pepsi trademark, business and goodwill from Craven Holding Corporation for $35,000, forming the Pepsi-Cola Corporation and in 1932 the trademark was registered in Argentina. The beginning of the Cola war: 1975 heralded the Pepsi Challenge, a landmark marketing strategy, which convinced millions of consumers that the taste of Pepsi was superior to Coke. Simultaneously, Pepsi Light, with a distinctive lemon taste, was introduced as an alternative to traditional diet colas. In 1983 Coke launched aspartame/saccharin blend Diet Coke. In response in 1989 Pepsi-Cola introduced an exciting new flavor, Wild Cherry Pepsi. Thus Diet Pepsi's 'The Other Challenge' campaign was based around a 54-46% lead over Diet Coke in independently researched taste tests in Australia. It was only in 1996 that Pepsi unveiled a revolutionary 'blue' look worldwide 'to transform the image and attitude' of one of the world's best-known brands. 'Pepsi Blue represents a quantum leap into the future and redefines how the Cola Wars will be fought and won in the 21st Century.' Purpose of the case study: Control of market share is the key issue in this case study. The situation is both Coke and Pepsi are trying to gain market share in this beverage market, which is valued at over $30 billion a year. Just how is this done in such a competitive market is the underlying issue. The facts are that each company is coming up with new products and ideas in order to increase their market share. The creativity and effectiveness of each company's marketing strategy will ultimately determine the winner with respect to sales, profits, and customer loyalty. Not only are these two companies constructing new ways to sell Coke and Pepsi, but they are also thinking of ways in which to increase market share in other beverage categories. Although the goal of both companies is exactly the same, the two companies rely on somewhat different marketing strategies. Pepsi has always taken the lead in developing new products, but Coke soon learned their lesson and started to do the same. Coke hired marketing executives with good track records. Coke also implemented cross training of managers so it would be more difficult for cliques to form within the company. On the other hand, Pepsi has always taken more risks, acted rapidly, and was always developing new advertising ideas. Both companies have also relied on finding new markets, especially in foreign countries. In the foreign markets, Coke has been more successful than Pepsi. For example, in Eastern Europe, Pepsi has relied on a barter system that proved to fail. However, in certain countries that allow direct comparison, Pepsi has beat Coke. In foreign markets, both companies have followed the marketing concept by offering products that meet consumer needs in order to gain market share. For instance, in certain countries, consumers wanted a soft drink that was low in sugar, yet did not have a diet taste or image. Pepsi responded by developing Pepsi Max. These companies in trying to capture market share have relied on the development of new products. In some cases the products have been successful. However, at other times the new products have failed. For Coke, changing their original formula and introducing it as New Coke

Hire With your Head Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hire With your Head - Essay Example Additionally, there are also legal costs and ethical considerations any organization might face due to a poor hiring process. It, therefore, is imperative to make the process as perfect as possible through asking the right question, testing the correct skills and ascertaining the best qualifications. In ordinary situations, finding good people that match expectations prove difficult. As a result, most organizations stumble to the ground despite having qualified individuals (Alder 178). All these problems point back to the hiring process, which might be expensive with regards to opportunity and money. In this light, the paper takes a deep insight at chapter 6 of Lou Alder’s book Hire with your head. †¢ Evidently, Lou Alder is a senior corporate executive experienced in finding, evaluating, hiring and assimilating new employees into the work environment. Through his book Hire with your head, a systematic approach prevails for discovering and bringing on board new employees of exceptional skills and productivity. Notably, the hiring process is complicated by Alders book simplifies the continuous process. †¢ Interviewers often mistake the first candidates and approve them for the strategic positions. In essence, Alder regards, these simple mistakes as serious hiring problems that retain the wrong candidates while the right candidates face expulsion. The first interview is an avenue for collecting information and not a decision-making platform. Any interview that induces choice of options at the first stage stagnates or change the hiring process.

Prison Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Prison Culture - Essay Example The inmate subculture shows the lives of inmates but it varies from one prison institution to another (Schmalleger & Smykla, 2009). Being deviants in society, the inmate subculture is often not in accordance with the values of society and is opposed to institutional rules. What may be regarded as deviant behavior and unacceptable in the free world is encouraged and rewarded inside prison walls (Clemmer, 1940) There are two theories that explain the formation of an inmate subculture (Schmalleger & Smykla, 2009). The first is the deprivation theory which states that the inmate culture is formed in response to the deprivations in prison life. The deprivations experienced by inmates are those of deprivation of liberty, autonomy and security, deprivation from the use of goods and services, and deprivation of heterosexual relationships (Sykes, 1958). The other theory is the importation theory which maintains that the inmates bring with them their subculture from the outside world. There ar e different types of inmate subculture as discussed by Irwin and Cressey (1962).

Excel Logistics Case Essay Example for Free

Excel Logistics Case Essay Purpose To introduce participants to the supply chain concept and to the effects decisions along the chain have on inventory levels and costs. Introduction In this game the retailer sells cases of beer to a consumer and orders cases of beer from the wholesaler; the wholesaler sells cases of beer to the retailer and orders cases of beer from the distributor; and the distributor sells cases of beer to the wholesaler and orders beer from the factory (brewery). The factory brews the beer. The beer supply chain is shown below: Players of the game each take on a different role in the supply chain. The roles are the Factory, Distributor, Wholesaler and Retailer. Each position is directly linked, and beer cannot skip the adjacent position. For example, the Wholesaler orders beer from the Distributor, and ships beer to the Retailer. An important consideration in making decisions is the delay in the movement of beer through the supply chain. It takes three periods to move an order of beer between each player in the supply chain. If during period 3 the Wholesaler decides to ship 10 cases of beer to the Retailer, the beer would take periods 4 and 5 to move to the Retailer and then would be available for sale by the Retailer at the beginning of period 6. Similarly, orders are not visible to the upstream player for one period. For example, if the Wholesaler places an order in period 3, the order is received by the Distributor at the beginning of period 4. For each period of play, every participant follows the same cycle: 1. The system is updated by your instructor where new orders and shipments are received, shipments enroute are advanced, and inventory levels and backorder positions are calculated (these tasks are done automatically by the server program. 2. The player updates the status screen and reviews current position. 3. A shipping decision is made according to new orders and backlog, subject to inventory availability, 4. An ordering decision is made for more beer. There are only two costs involved in this simplified version of a logistics  supply chain: inventory holding cost ($1.00/case/period) and back order costs ($2.00/case/period). Each team has the goal of minimizing the sum of these costs by balancing the cost of having inventory (inventory holding cost) with the cost of being out of inventory when a customer orders beer (back order cost). The server program keeps track of the costs incurred by each team. At the end of the game, the total game cost for the distribution system is the sum of the four individual participants total costs (retailer cost + wholesaler cost + distributor cost + factory cost). The goal is to minimize team costs. Action The game begins with a fully-loaded pipeline of cases of beer: 16 cases of inventory in each positions current inventory, 4 cases in each of the production delay pipeline, 4 cases in each of the shipping delay pipeline, each position has an initial order for 4 cases of beer. Definitions The following terms are used in the status report: Current Demand This is the demand for the current period at this position. For the Retailer, this demand is determined by an external demand stream. For all other positions, this demand reflects an order placed by the downstream position in the supply chain during the previous period. Backorder This is the demand that has not been met to date at this position. When a position does not meet demand by shipping cases of beer, the backorder amount is increased. This amount does not include the demand during the current period. Current Shipment This is the amount that is being shipped to the downstream position during the current period. After the ordering and shipping decisions have been made, the status button can be used to update the status report. The status report will reflect the current order and shipment decisions. Remember that after the instructor has updated the system, the status button should be pressed again to receive a report that reflects the execution of the decisions for the previous period. On Hand This is the current amount in inventory at the position. This is the total amount that can be shipped this period from this position. Due Next Period This is the number of units that are scheduled to arrive at this position next period. Due In Two Periods This is the number of units that are scheduled to arrive in two periods. Current Order Release This is the number of units that are being ordered from the upstream position. The  upstream position will not see this order until after the system has been updated to the next period. Inventory Cost This is the cumulative inventory cost for this position. This is calculated from the actual inventory balance at the end of each simulated period. During the update process, the system first ships material to the downstream position, updates the cumulative inventory and backorder costs based on the inventory and backorder levels, and then receives new material into the position. Backorder Cost This is the cumulative backorder cost for the position. Total Cost This is the total cumulative co st for the position.

Indigenous and Global Feminist Perspectives on the Women of Chiapas Ess

Indigenous and Global Feminist Perspectives on the Women of Chiapas Women's reproductive health is a debated and complex issue in today's society. Nowhere is its severity more prevalent than in areas of extreme poverty such as south and Central America. The resolution to these problems is far from simple. Yet, women are increasingly taking control of their lives and forming groups to combat many of the prejudices that hold them back. However highly debated some tactics for resolution may be it is hard to miss the shear urgency with which the issues of women's rights and health call us. The fight for gender equality cannot overlook the importance of equality in health care and control over one's own body. Women's health is an issue that passes along its concerns to another generation every time a child is born. Before being able to discuss women's issues in third world countries, it was important to find an area of study. For this, I chose Chiapas, Mexico. Chiapas is a place where the true effects of capitalism are felt on a daily basis. Upon the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the lives of the indigenous people living in Chiapas changed dramatically. Acorrding to Jeeni Criscenzo, author of Some Personal Observations on the Reasons Behind the Events in Chiapas, "(Mexican leaders) entered into trade agreements with foreign interests (NAFTA) that at US insistence, made changes to their constitution that effectively ended Indian communal land right making it possible for Foreign corporations to take Indian land and resources" (Criscenzo 2). But why did our government, and that of Mexico allow this to happen? Ms. Criscenzo answers that question with the following statement, "In the world of internati... .... (1999): 1-12 "Men's Involvement in Women's Reproductive Health Projects and Programmes in the Philippines: part 1 of 2." Reproductive Health Matters 7. 14. (1999): 1-9 Nazar-Beutelspacher. "Education and Nonuse of Contraceptives Among Poor Women in Chiapas Mexico (Part one)." International Family Planning Perspectives 25. 3. (1999): 1-7 Nazar-Beutelspacher. "Education and Nonuse of Contraceptives Among Poor Women in Chiapas Mexico (Part two)." International Family Planning Perspectives 25. 3. (1999):1-6 "Report from San Cristobal." (1998): 4-9. Online. Internet. 3/28/00 http://www/criscenzo.com/jaguar/report.html Shadows of Tender Fury. Bardacke and LÃ ³pez. New York: Montly Review Press, 1995. 161 "Some Personal Observations on the Reasons Behind the Events in Chiapas." (1998):5. Online. Internet. 3/28/00. http://www.criscenzo.com/jaguar/report.html

The Internal and External business environment of BBA Aviation plc

This report is about BBA Aviation plc. The report will identify the company’s goals and objectives but will particularly focus its attention on the Challenges the company face both in its Internal and External Business Environment. The report will also cover both PEST and SWOT analysis to determine threats, opportunities and weaknesses and the role of the company’s Corporate Social responsibility (CSR) will also be examined. Factors such as the Porters five forces and the Dimension of Complexity will also be examined to better identify this Challenges faced by the company whilst the Dimension of Complexity will give a clearer nature regarding the Complexity of the company’s Environment at which it operates.Haven discovered these challenges the Mckinsey’s7S framework will monitor if there are any changes within the organisation that will require a change in its operations. BBA Aviation is a Global company which operates in 220 locations worldwide but only i ts operations in the UK will be examined in this report. However, haven said so; there are other factors such as the International and European Law that governs its operations. These also includes; The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). There are also National restrictions and legislation from the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) and the Department for transport. IntroductionBBA Aviation plc is an aviation services company that offers aftermarket services, flight support and system activities to the commercial and business aviation markets. Also, it offers the services to regional airline,  military and commercial aviation operators, including fixed based operator (FBO) services, such as; grand handling, fuelling, turbine engine repair, aviation component and overhaul, hydraulic system and landing gear. (The times 2006) The company’s operations are segmented into two business operation namely; Flight support and Af termarket services and systems. The flight support segment of the company engages in ground handling, offering refuelling, crew, passenger amenities, office rentals and hanger. (BBA Aviation, 2012)After services and systems business segments of the company engages in manufactures and supports engines and aerospace component, sub-systems and systems. The segment also comprises of engine repair and overhaul, legacy support and AP Precision hydraulics (APPH). The Engine repair and Overhaul segment is the Leading independent Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM), the Signature Flight Support segment is the world’s largest and market-leading fixed based operator (FBO) network. The company’s Aircraft Service International Group (ASIG) is the world’s leading independent refueller. (BBA Aviation, 2012) BBAAviation is headquartered in London. The company employees are estimated at over 12,000 at over 220 locations on 5 continents where its operations are performed. The c ompany operates in twelve locations â€Å"airports† in the UK, Seven in England, four in Scotland and one in wales (BBA Aviation, 2012) Porter's five competitive forces model:Threat of New Entrants: (Low)BBA Aviation plc operates in market segments that have relatively high barriers to entry in the fixed based operator (FBO) business. However, it is possible to have more than one fixed based operator (FBO) operator at major business aviation airports, the airport landlord will still be cautious of issuing too many leases for fear of diluting its own returns from selling the leases. (Westhouse, 2010) Another aspect of the barrier to enter is the Non-financial considerations which also have an influence. Signature’s brand strength and quality service reputation make it much more difficult for price-driven competitors to enter and build repeatable volumes/market share.If end users were truly price-sensitive, they would not be using private aviation in the first place, thi s is to say end users do not switch to a cheaper alternative as the market itself is capital intensive and has no  room for cheaper alternatives. Also, tight credit markets reduce the risk of new entrants being successful at present, hence the smaller companies are falling plus they struggle with the fund needed to create any threat in the market. (Westhouse, 2010)Another deterrent to entry is the strong emphasis on safety and aircraft to remain legally airworthy in the aviation industry set by the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), the Civil Aviation Authority and the Department for transport. The restrictions from this organisations acts as a barrier to entry by new companies without established track records. (Westhouse, 2010) Bargaining power of suppliers: (High)Signature’s Flight Support main operating cost is aviation fuel, which it sells on to its private jet operator customers with a mark-up. Although, Signa ture’s Flight Support has little bargaining power, the cost is a pass through. Whereas, on the Maintenance, Repair & Operations (MRO) side of the business, the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) do wield significant power in terms of their ability to dictate who can acquire licences to conduct maintenance work on their engines, given the strict safety and airworthiness regulations. (Westhouse, 2010)Given the analysis on the porter’s five, it is clear that threat of substitute is low. Also, the aviation market has a high level of barrier to entry and it’s also a high capital intensive market. The main challenge for Managers and leaders given the analysis overhead would be to main an already gained market share and provide a positive employee engagement by a way of specific and relevant job-related training and personal support. (BBA Aviation 2012) PESTEL Analysis:Political and regulatory factors (Law) – (Threats)Safe and dependable transport is essentia l to the UK society and the economy. (Department for Transport, 2012) Haven to meet the standard set by the aviation regulations, BBA Aviation ensures the company’s operations, meets and exceeds the regulations facing its Customers, these customers includes; regional airlines, business aviation, military and commercial aviation operators. (Relevant, 2012) The Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) uses a mix of Domestic, European and international legislation to protect consumers.These  legislations ranges from the minimum safety standards set by the International Civil aviation organisation (ICAO), to EC legislation protecting passenger’s rights, also including the European legislation on safety and the domestic regulation on the use of airspace. (CAA, 2012) The legislations are not limited but also, include the safety of Customers, Aircrafts and its Airworthiness, Airlines and its flight standards, Airport and Airspace. (EASA, 2008) Overall, this is a threat to the company and they could lose their operating license should they fail to meet these regulations, hence employee’s needs to be better informed and trained in their individual roles. Economic factors (Weaknesses)The great challenge managers/leaders face in this context is the ability not to have the power to control or manipulate the economic factor such as the Interest rate and exchange rate. Exchange rate volatility is likely to continue to lead to some volatility in sterling profits, with most of the BBA Aviation earnings (and costs) in US dollars. (Westhouse, 2010)Foreign Exchange Risk:BBA Group has significant overseas businesses whose revenues, assets, cash flows and liabilities are mainly denominated in the currency in which the operations are located. BBA Aviation Group’s policy in relation to foreign exchange translation risk is not to hedge the income statement since such hedges only have a short effect. In relation to the balance sheet, the BBA Group seeks to denomina te the currency of its borrowings in US dollars in order to match the currency of its earnings, cash flows and assets which are principally denominated in US dollars. (BBA Aviation, 2012)Financial Risk Factors:The Groups activities expose them to a variety of financial risks: market risk (including interest rate and currency risk), liquidity risk and credit risk. Overall the Group risk management policies and procedures focus on the uncertainty of financial markets and seek to minimise and manage potential financial risks through the use of derivative financial instruments. BBA Aviation does not undertake speculative transactions for which there is no underlying financial exposure. (BBA Aviation, 2012)Under policies approved by the Board of Directors of BBA Aviation plc, risk management is carried out by a central treasury department. This department identifies, evaluates and hedges financial risks in close co-operation with the Group’s subsidiaries. The treasury policies cov er specific areas such as; interest rate risk, credit risk, foreign exchange risk, use of derivative financial instruments and the investment of excess liquidity. (BBA Aviation, 2012)Social and Environmental factor (Opportunity)BBA Group has benefited from the growing population (demography) trend in the United Kingdom, increased holiday makers and Migration into the country has also increased its Group’s revenue (Mark Easton, BBC NEWS, 2010) In light of this growth, the demand for aviation services thus increase, which makes BBA Group to expand in its operations. The expansion brings about employee information and training to accommodate these changes, it also enables its customers to respond effectively and efficiently to meet the new aviation demand.(Source: BBC NEWS, 2010)Current migration figures shows a surprising and high increase in the number of people from different nationals, ethnics, gender and age migrating to Britain, not only by foreign workers or family reunio n cases, but also by a big rise in the number of students coming to the United Kingdom. (Easton, M. BBC NEWS, 2010) Other reasons for migration to the United Kingdom includes; Business, Tourist, Holiday makers and also Political. Hence, the demand for inflow and outflow on aviation services in the United Kingdom seats on a rising trend. (Mark Easton, BBC NEWS, 2010)The more flying hours generated by its customers; the commercial, business, military and regional airlines the more beneficial this is to BBA Aviation. Haven said so, when a lower fuel price was taken into account in 2009, signature flight support revenue dropped 26%. (BBC NEWS, 2010) (Mark Easton, BBC NEWS, 2010)Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)BBA Aviation focuses on delivering a long-term and sustainable value that integrates a continuous improvement and reliability, thus, embedding Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in its vision. Health and Safety, Employee, Environment and Community are BBA Aviation plcâ€⠄¢s four key area of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). (BBA Aviation, 2012)Technological factors (Strength)Considering the strict safety restriction in the aviation industry Technological innovation is at its highest level with zero tolerance for error. BBA Aviation brandished its strength with the launch of the First support centre. BBA Aviation Engine Repair and Overhaul (ERO) unveiled its First Support global technical operations centre. The centre utilizes integrated satellite based tracking to deliver ultra-fast and efficient response to Aircraft on Ground (AOG). (Aviationpros, 2010) BBA Aviation believes this is a game changer for the engine support industry; First Support utilizes a highly integrated real-time system that can identify locations of field service technicians, mobile response vehicles, rental engines, and tooling at any given moment, any time of the day, around the United Kingdom and anywhere in the world. (Flightglobal, 2010)The support centre has the abil ity to track the precise status of every field service job as well as the availability of the company’s assets and personnel. It can also monitor air and land based traffic as well as the impact of airport delays and weather. Given an example; when a customer calls with an Aircraft on Ground (AOG) issue, the company can rapidly deploy solutions via the most efficient routes and means. BBA Aviation industry leading services enables them to deliver a step-function improvement over existing engine support services. (Flightglobal, 2010)The centre is staffed by highly skilled field service technical managers who are expert on all engine product lines serviced by. Staffing also includes; quality assurance, engineering, and logistics personnel. (Flightglobal, 2010) The Group also introduce the Aqua-save system that helps reduce the litres of waste water generated, this waste water are converted to new coolant or water that can be use for floor cleaning operations, whilst reducing op erational cost and improve  environmental performance. (MWP Advanced Manufacturing, 2010) Dimension of complexity:1. The environment at which the organisation operates is very complex. There are heavy penalty that could affect the organisation should they under perform in their operations. These regulations are set nationally by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). Other complexity includes; the unpredictable changing demand in the Aviation industry, critical government policies, laws, regulations, taxes, interest. (Wensveen, J 2010) 2. BBA Group operations are Routine and Non-Routine. This also depends on the sector. Operation that requires baggage handling and de-icing are Routine, whilst the operation that providing landing gear, engine maintenance, supply’s of engine parts are non-routine. 3. BBA Group is diversified following its operations. The group is segmented into; Aftermarket services and systems:Legacy Support: Leading supplier of Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) licensed legacy products. AP Precision hydraulics (APPH): Niche landing gear and associated hydraulic equipment provider. Providing integrated logistics support for landing gear and hydraulic systems Engine Repair & Overhaul: Leading independent Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) authorised engine Repair Company. (BBA Aviation, 2013)Flight Support: Aircraft Service International Group (ASIG): The leading independent refueller Signature flight support: Largest leading fixed base operation (FBO) i.e. Ground handling. (BBA Aviation, 2013)4. BBA Aviation group generates more revenue by the more flying time clocked by its customers. (BBC NEWS, 2010) The operating environment has made its operation hostile by refusing the government to expand airports in the United Kingdom, the nation’s economy will benefits from these expansions in the long-run if plans are passed for approval. But there have been challenges from the environmental advocates and public resistance which has objected to the expansion plans and the creation of new run -ways. (The Guardian, 2013)Chairman of the Gatwick Area Conservation Campaign  Brendon Sewill said: â€Å"When people begin to realise what is likely to hit them, there will be a tidal wave of public resistance.† He said there was no need for any new runway in the South East; Stansted Airport was less than half full, new larger aircraft were coming into use and there was sufficient airport capacity to last until 2050. (BBC NEWS, 2013) BAA Aviation proposed a short a second runway at Gatwick, extra runway at Heathrow, and two extra runways at Stansted.It said the first runway should be built as soon as possible, with land â€Å"safeguarded† at two other sites for future development. But it said the option of a  £9bn new airport at Cliffe in north Kent should be excluded from the government's final expansion scheme. While local residents and green groups will welcome the possible scrapping of the Cliffe pla n, campaigners in Heathrow, Stansted and Gatwick reacted with â€Å"dismay† to BAA's statement. (The Guardian, 2013)Given the analysis above, there are little challenges from competitors as the barrier to entry is high. However, there are Environmental Challenges, Social challenges, Community Challenges and Political Challenges. But the Group’s biggest challenge is its Operational Improvement. BBA Aviation Chairman announced that the Group continue to invest in its employees and their development and made some changes to their organisational management structure at the beginning of 2013 to accelerate its growth and operational improvement programme. (BBA Aviation, 2013)The Group believes that with high operational improvement it can strive to reduce environmental impact through the more efficient use of resources, encourage innovative developments in technologies that support its business objectives and can offer environmental, community and social benefits. (BBA Aviat ion, 2013)McKinsey’s 7S’ frame-work Structure:BBA Aviation is divided into Two major Group namely; Flight Support and Aftermarket services and system. There are also further division into the major groups. This idea is to decentralise the Groups operations to the appropriate organisation with relevant skills needed to carry out each and every specific task. All of these groups work under the umbrella of BBA Aviation plc. The creation of these groups divides task and further provide coordination. It decentralises to focus on its individual area of specialisation and centralise to achieve the Group’s sole aims, goals and objectives.Strategy: BAA Aviation divided its strategy into four sections; Vision, Goal, Value and Key performance indicator. Vision:BBA Aviation’s vision and overriding objective of growing exceptional long-term sustainable value for all stakeholders is shared by all Group’ operations which are individually and collectively focused on; continuously improving market-leading and innovative businesses, working together for greater gain through improved co-ordination and co-operation and being an employer of choice for empowered individuals in a safe and sustainable environment. (BBA Aviation, 2013) Values:BBA Aviation plc employees are also unified around a common set of values; these values are a vital and integral part of the way the Group do business. (BBA Aviation, 2013) Goals:Each year BBA Group’s Executive Management Committee sets a series of short and medium-term specific and measurable goals. These goals are then cascaded throughout the Group. Each Group’s business has actions aligned to the achievement of each of the short and medium-term goals and the execution of those actions is actively monitored by Group’s management. (BBA Aviation, 2013) Key Performance Indicators:The successful execution of BBA Aviation’s strategy is expected to be value creative for shareholders. Key Performance Indicators (KPI) is used to monitor progress and any challenges faced within the Group. (BBA Aviation, 2013)Systems: The Group decentralizes its operational system, given the decentralize nature of its business. Given this approach the procedure are different group differs, hence introducing the system of internal control that helps to identify risks and challenges faced by leaders and management.BBA Aviation  internal control is essentially an ongoing process embedded in the Group’s businesses for identifying, evaluating and managing the significant risks faced by the Group, including; social, ethical and environmental risk. The Group considers that it has adequate information to identify and assess significant risks and opportunities affecting its long and short term value. The Group’s system is designed to manage rather than eliminate the risk of failure to achieve its business objectives. The internal control system can provide reasonable but not abso lute assurance against material misstatement or loss; to the extent that is appropriate, taking account of costs and benefits. (BBA Aviation, 2013)Style:Business operations within the Group are routine and non-routine. Certain elements of the business are designed to accommodate the routine aspect of the group. The style here can be said to be flexible as there are specific way of carrying out its operations, changes in style would be said to be low. However, the style at the non-routine aspect of the Group’s operation will change from time to time given the uncertainty in the operations of its business. As the operation at the non-routine level can sometimes not be determined this will mean the style will always have a shift to accommodate any present situation.Staff:BBA Aviation is committed to investing in and empowering its staff through training and education and to providing them with opportunities for rewarding careers. The Group provide each of its employees with spec ific and relevant job-related training and personal support while, at Group level, BBA Aviation develop programmes for example; leadership and general skills training that can be implemented across all sites.The Company provides employees with various opportunities to obtain information on matters of concern to them and to improve their awareness of the financial and economic factors that affect the performance of the Company. These include â€Å"all hands briefings†, staff forums and meetings with trade unions that take place throughout the year. In 2012 a number of communication initiatives have been launched to foster effective two-way communication  around the organisation. (BBA Aviation, 2013)Skill: BBA Aviation is highly skilled in all area of it operations. The Group’s strategy is to acquire a company that specialises in a given area of the Aviation business rather than founding a total new company for that specific area. The level of its operational skill is identified below; Flight Support:Aircraft Service International Group (ASIG): Is the leading independent refueller. Signature flight support: Is the largest leading fixed base operation (FBO) for example; Ground handling. (BBA Aviation, 2013)Aftermarket services and systems: Legacy Support: Is the leading supplier of Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) licensed legacy products. Engine Repair & Overhaul: Is the leading independent Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) authorised engine Repair Company. (BBA Aviation, 2013)Super-ordinate Goals:BBA Aviation uses a range of key performance indicators (KPI), allied to the BBA Aviation vision and mission, to monitor the Group’s progress against the goals set to support the delivery of our overarching objective to grow exceptional, long-term, sustainable value for all stakeholders. To acquire the Groups super-ordinate goals, BBA Aviation set up a remuneration policy. This policy is intended to ensure that the remuneration of execut ive directors and other senior executives properly reflects their duties and responsibilities and is sufficient to attract, retain and motivate high calibre senior management capable collectively of delivering the goals of the Company. (BBA Aviation, 2013)Haven critically gone through the company’s PEST Analysis, SWOT Analysis, Porter’s five forces, Complexity of Dimension, Corporate Social Responsibility and Mckensies 7S’ frame work. It is clear that the BBA Aviation is at a stable cruising leading point in the Aviation industry and their biggest challenge is the Operational Improvement to sustain this leadership position. For this to be achieved the employees need to undergo training events to understand the company’s vision, goals, aims, objectives and also to understand the internal and external challenges, hence empowering them with the understand of what is expected of them both as an individual or a group of teams.The Harrison’s learning whe el (eight-stage process) will be a better tool for employees to understand the company’s vision and challenges. The step-by-step process will equip the employees to a better understanding on how to achieve the skills and experience needed in other to be a partaker of the vision and to combat these challenges faced by the company.Training refers to the acquisition of specific skills and knowledge that will enable an employee to perform their job effectively. Relatively, staff development concerns activities that are directed to the future needs of the employee, which may themselves be derived from the future needs of the organisation. (Palmer, A & Hartley, B)Harrison’s learning wheel (The eight-stage process): Establish needs:This is to ascertain the individual, team, group or even management that needs training to better enhance them with the training needed to understand the company’s vision and challenges. Agree on purpose and objectives for the learning event :Having to understand the employee that needs the training process, it will be important for these employees to know the purpose and objective of the training. The training is usually based on the employee to understand the immediate challenges faced by the company. Identify profile of intended population:It is vital that the pedigree of the employee has to be established. The intrinsic and extrinsic profile of the employee has to be understood and a motivational reward to be put in place to incentivise the employee. Agree on strategy and the delivery of the learning event:A strategy on how to deliver the learning event should be made flexible. Planning and control process have to be monitored in the event where funding may have come from other group of the company. Select learner cohort and produce detailed specification for the learning event: At the point leaders and manager would select employee that they think is deemed necessary to attend the learning event given the challenge s faced in their department. Finalise strategy and design the learning event:Ones these employees have been selected a proper strategy on how the learning will be passed on will then be drawn. After this process, a transformation will then be expected of these employees after haven to complete the training process. The finalisation of the training process will then hand the employee the skills and knowledge to better performance hence reducing the challenges faced by the company. Monitor and evaluate the change:The evaluation process is a tool for leaders and managers to ascertain what has worked and what has not worked after the learning process. The evaluation process helps leaders and managers to tackle the remains of the challenges. Evaluation technique that will assist leaders and managers to acquire the learning outcome will range from interviews, questionnaires, briefings, practical test, written test and even the observation of behaviour will confirm an employee engagement. Haven gone through these techniques it will be clear to leaders and managers where lapses can be foreseen and a possible remedy to tackle the remains of the challenges uncovered after the evaluation technique process.Conclusion:The operations of BBA Aviation plc are complex at the industry at which it operates. Given this complexity, their main challenge is Operational Improvement. The company in its response created specific job related training for staff at different level. The training focuses more on staff training and staff development. The Group involve their employees personally in these efforts and invest in new technologies, equipment and training and development programmes where the Group believe they can make a difference.  The Group businesses have much in common and plenty to learn from each other and the Group encourage working together, sharing ideas and good practices.BBA Aviation plc is the leading aviation service provider in the United Kingdom compared to its co mpetitors namely; Goodrich Corporation, Mercury Air Group, Inc. and TIMCO Aviation Services Inc. BAA Aviation doesn't make the planes, but it does keep them flying. (BBA Aviation, 2013)

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